1پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثربخشی کاربرد گیمیفیکیشن در آموزش و توسعه منابع انسانی کارکنان بخش تعمیر و نگهداری اطفا حریق بازار بزرگ ایرانمال به روش شبه تجربی با استفاده از طرح پس آزمون با گروه کنترل صورت گرفت. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه کارکنان تیم تعمیر و نگهداری اطفا حریق بازار بزرگ ایرانمال به تعداد 24 نفر بود که به روش تمام شماری به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش (12 نفر) و کنترل (12 نفر) جای داده شدند. آموزش موقعیت یابی کد جعبه های اطفا حریق در گروه تجربی به روش گیمیفای شده و در گروه کنترل به روش معمول انجام شد. در انتهای دوره آموزشی عملکرد گروه تجربی و گروه کنترل با پس آزمون متشکل از 20 سوال سنجیده شد و  نظرات اعضای گروه تجربی در خصوص دوره گیمیفای شده از طریق اجرای پرسشنامه رضایت سنجی 18 گویه ای (متشکل از پنج بعد سهولت ادراک شده، سودمندی ادراک شده، نگرش، مهارت و تعامل) گردآوری شد. نتایج آزمون عملکرد و پرسشنامه میزان پذیرش گیمیفیکیشن با استفاده از آزمون های توصیفی و استنباطی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از آزمون های توصیفی و همچنین آزمون استنباطی یومن ویتنی مربوط به پس آزمون نشان داد که نمره عملکرد گروه تجربی بالاتر از گروه کنترل بوده است. یافته های توصیفی حاصل از پرسشنامه میزان پذیرش نیز نشان داد که مشارکت کنندگان در دوره آموزشی از اجرای دوره به شیوه گیمیفای شده در تمامی ابعاد پنجگانه رضایت نسبتا بالایی داشته اند.

ABSTRACT Over the past 50 years since the first research in the field of urban DEVELOPMENT implementation plans, there has been a noticeable absence of a comprehensive literature review on this topic in the global arena. This article provides a textual analysis related to the subject of urban DEVELOPMENT implementation plans, to identify important and recurring themes alongside analyzing the relationships between authors, journals, and countries in this field. Along with the bibliographic analysis, documents related to the field of urban DEVELOPMENT implementation plans were reviewed to identify influential indicators in their implementation. To this end, 456 scientific articles were extracted from the Scopus scientific database as of October 28th, 2022, and analyzed using scientometric software. These analyses include examining author keywords, country co-authorships, journal bibliographic coupling, and author co-citations. In this study, 74 final indicators were identified as the most recurrent indicators in this field. The bibliographic analysis also produced several noteworthy results. The United States is the most active country in this field, with a link strength of 40 and 176 articles. Berke, P. is the most influential author in this field, with a link strength of 1623 and 99 citations. Among the journals examined, "Land Use Policy" has the highest bibliographic coupling strength of 84, and the "Journal of the American Planning Association" has the highest number of documents related to this field, with 22 documents; finally, among the identified. Extended Abstract Introduction The implementation of urban DEVELOPMENT projects has been a neglected topic in public policy research, despite its critical importance in ensuring the success of such projects. While there have been numerous studies on the factors that contribute to the success or failure of policy implementation, there has been a lack of systematic reviews on the subject of implementation as a whole. This study aims to address this gap in knowledge by providing a comprehensive overview of the implementation process of urban DEVELOPMENT projects. This study aims to address this gap in knowledge by providing a comprehensive overview of the implementation process of urban DEVELOPMENT projects. The study begins by collecting and categorizing existing research in the field, focusing on three main questions: -What are the key indicators for successful implementation? -What are urban journals and articles' current trends and performance? -How do countries and researchers collaborate in this area? The study also examines the relationships between authors, publishers, and different types of documents through bibliographic analysis. Ultimately, this study highlights the need for further research and a more structured approach to understanding the implementation process of urban DEVELOPMENT projects.   Methodology This study examined the literature related to implementation and evaluation plans in urban and land use planning. The authors used the Scopus database to extract and collect data, focusing on combining the keywords "implementation-plan" and "evaluation-plan" in the keywords, abstracts, and titles. Initially, 621 studies were extracted, but 456 articles were selected as the final database after filtering out non-article documents. The authors observed a general upward trend for studies from 1968 to 2022, with a significant increase in the slope of the trend from 2007. However, a slight decrease in studies was observed in 2021 and 2022, possibly due to the global pandemic and the emergence of new related topics. The authors used a four-stage process to analyze the bibliographic subject of the study, including simultaneous occurrence analysis, co-authorship analysis, bibliographic coupling analysis, co-citation analysis, content analysis, and thematic analysis. The authors identified the selected articles' research objectives, methodologies, findings, and main themes and sub-themes. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the literature on implementation and evaluation plans in urban and land use planning.   Results and discussion This research aims to comprehensively analyze the implementation and execution of urban DEVELOPMENT plans using bibliometrics and systematic analysis. The study considers evaluation as a crucial part of the implementation process and seeks to answer three fundamental questions. Firstly, it identifies effective indicators of implementation and execution globally. Secondly, it examines the trends and performances of new articles and urban journals. Thirdly, it investigates the pattern of cooperation among countries and researchers. The study identifies 74 general indicators that significantly impact the implementation process of urban plans. The results show that "performance evaluation," "effectiveness," "land use," "zonation," "participation," "program quality," and "implementation program" are critical indicators in this area. The study also highlights the importance of evaluation in the discussion of program implementation and its separability from the implementation process. Using the scientometric software VOSviewer, the study analyzed 68 keywords related to the bibliographic topic. "Program evaluation" obtained the first place, followed by "Program implementation" and "Program quality." The co-authorship analysis based on author items revealed that Berke, P. has the highest number of citations and link strength. Additionally, the study found that 72 countries have research in this field, with 22 countries having at least 5 citations that were clustered into 5 clusters by the software. The "land use policy" journal had the highest link strength, and the "Journal of the American planning association" had the highest number of documents related to this field. In conclusion, the study provides valuable insights for policymakers and researchers interested in urban DEVELOPMENT planning. It comprehensively examines the implementation and execution of urban DEVELOPMENT plans, identifies effective indicators, and investigates the pattern of cooperation among countries and researchers. The study highlights the importance of evaluation in the implementation process and its separability from the implementation process.   Conclusion The main goal of this research was to fill the gap in research on the implementation and execution of urban DEVELOPMENT projects in the field, as no systematic review of the topic has been conducted from a global perspective since the first research in this field about half a century ago. Only in some studies, such as those by Talen (1996), Oliveira & Pinho (2010), Rudolf & Grădinaru (2017), has the evaluation of implementation been systematically reviewed, or the systematic review of experiences in a specific urban area, such as the review of various experiences in the Beijing urban area (Chu, 2020). In this research, with the comprehensive approach that the evaluation of implementation is an integral part of the overall process of implementing and executing urban DEVELOPMENT projects, this process has been examined from the perspective of bibliometrics and systematic analysis of this field. The main difference of this research, which makes it completely new, is firstly having a comprehensive approach to the implementation field, where program evaluation is only an important part of its structure, and secondly, using the scientometric software VOSviewer for the first time in this field. In essence, the conclusive outcomes of this investigation were entirely novel and exhibited some partial congruences with antecedent studies in the domain of appraising and discerning indicators. Significantly, this research has conferred a systematic appraisal of the literature concerning the urban implementation and execution of projects, which is an unprecedented contribution. It should be acknowledged that this is an initial survey of data intended to offer a comprehensive outlook on this scholarly field, and thus it is subject to certain limitations, such as its confinement to the Scopus database. As such, it is recommended that future research endeavors encompass an analysis of additional databases and undertake comparative evaluations of the results. Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C T Sustainability in horticulture products depends on economic, social and environmental factors. Knowing these factors' sustainability levels can be effective in formulating sustainable horticulture DEVELOPMENT strategies and their effect on the sustainable livelihood of the user family. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the sustainability of horticulture products and their role in the livelihood of the beneficiary households in the villages of the central part of Bandar Gaz city. The required information was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was obtained based on the opinion of relevant experts and the reliability of which was obtained by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89. The statistical population of this research includes garden operators in three villages of Eastern Gaz, Western Gaz and Val Afra, which was calculated using Cochran's formula as a sample size of 250. A random sampling method was used to select research samples. To measure the sustainability of garden products, 45 indicators were used, separated by economic, social, and environmental dimensions, and 53 indicators were used, separated by economic, social, human, and environmental dimensions, to measure the sustainable livelihood of the beneficiary household. According to the Spearman test, horticulture products' economic, social and environmental sustainability is effective in the sustainable livelihood of the user family. The Kruskal-Wallis test results indicate that the beneficiaries' sustainable livelihoods in the three studied villages have a significant difference up to the 99% confidence level. The results of the one-way independent variance analysis test on the cultivated area of three villages and horticulture income in three villages also stated a significant difference in these three factors up to the 99% level. Extended Abstract Introduction The most critical challenge in the world today is food security and providing essential human needs. The lack of balance between population growth and agricultural production has made developing countries face a serious challenge. Sustainable agriculture is an approach that meets human needs without harming the environment and uses natural resources better. Sustainable horticulture is a type of agriculture that is in the direction of human benefits, is more efficient in the use of resources, and is in balance with the environment. Horticulture activity in the category of sustainable agricultural DEVELOPMENT, considering its nature and the positive aspects that govern this activity, in case of proper management, is superior in terms of not disrupting the ecological balance or at least due to little damage compared to agriculture. In fact, the benefits that can be listed for horticultural activities in order to achieve sustainable agricultural DEVELOPMENT compared to agriculture are food supply and welfare facilities, storage and meeting the needs of other plants, growing crops under the shelter of trees, soil protection and green cover, air conditioning and increase of atmospheric precipitation, less consumption of chemical fertilizers and preservation of plant genetic resources. A sustainable livelihood strategy is one of the new strategies that can help the villagers' problems. The sustainable livelihood approach was proposed in the 1980s as a new approach to rural DEVELOPMENT to reduce and eradicate rural poverty. Livelihood is sustainable when it can withstand unexpected pressures and damages and restore itself and improve its capabilities and capital in the future without harming natural resources. The main problem of the research is, what is the state of sustainability of the garden products system in the central villages of Bandar Gaz city? We are also trying to find out what effect the sustainability of garden products can have on the sustainable livelihood of rural households. Bandar Gaz is one of the Golestan province's cities, located in the southeastern part of Gorgan. In terms of longitude and latitude, it is located between 53 degrees and 51 minutes to 54 degrees and 3 minutes of east longitude and 36 degrees and 39 minutes to 36 degrees and 49 minutes of north latitude. Bandar Gaz has a population of 20,742 people in 6,715 households, according to 2016.   Methodology This research is of applied type and descriptive-analytical and survey method, carried out in the 2018-2019 crop year. The main tools for data collection were questionnaires, observations and interviews. The statistical population of the research consists of 715 users of horticultural products. A random sampling method was exerted to select the samples, and 250 samples were selected based on Cochran's formula.   Results and discussion The Kruskal-Wallis test was exerted to investigate and compare the household's sustainable livelihood level using gardens in the studied villages so that the results show a significant difference of 99%, 95% and 90% in the variables. The results show that the level of sustainable livelihood is different in the three villages, so based on the results, the level of sustainability of horticultural products is also different in these three villages.   Conclusion The efficiency of horticultural work for support and investment in the village of East Gaz is more than the other two villages. The ability to buy housing, the amount of meeting health needs, the amount of willingness to migrate, and the amount of unemployed and employed people are more in West Gaz village. However, regarding the village's up-to-date architecture and the village houses' strength, there is a more favorable situation in the village of Eastern Gaz. The results of one-way analysis of variance ANOVA indicate a significant difference between the garden income of three villages among the examined components up to the 99% level.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

به منظورتهیه والد گرده افشان مقاوم به سفیدک سطحی از جمعیت نسبتا مقاوم 14442 استفاده گردید. از این جمعیت در سال اول تعداد 50 بوته مقاوم در مزرعه بر اساس شاخص مقاومت، گزینش شده و سپس بذر هاف سیب (برادر خواهر ناتنی) تهیه گردید. از بین 50 بوته مقاوم تنها 39 بوته بذر کافی تولید کردند. بذور برداشت شده از این 39 بوته هاف سیب در شش تکرار یک خطی کشت شده و مجددا برای بیماری ارزیابی شدند. از بین 39 هاف سیب مورد ارزیابی، تعداد سه هاف سیب (H.S13،H.S24 وH.S35 ) که آلودگی کمتری (شاخص آلودگی کمتر از عدد 2.5 را نشان دادند) نسبت به بقیه داشتند انتخاب شدند. از هر فامیل گزینش شده فوق تعداد 50 بوته انتخاب و در چادرهای ایزوله کشت شد تا بذر هاف سیب جدید تولید شود. این بذور که جمعا تعداد 88 فامیل جدید بوجود آوردند، هاف سیب جدید نامیده شدند. بذر 88 هاف سیب جدید در شش تکرار یک خطی کشت و مجددا برای بیماری ارزیابی شدند. از بین هاف سیب های جدید، هاف سیب شماره 5، 17 و 22 از نظر مقاومت به بیماری برتر از سایرین بودند. از هر هاف سیب جدید تعداد 35 ریشه و جمعا تعداد 105 ریشه برای تولید S1 انتخاب شدند. هریک از 105 ریشه انتخابی به چهار قسمت تقسیم (کلون) و در زیر یک قفس ایزوله کشت شدند تا بذر S1 به دست آید. با توجه به مشکلات تهیه بذر S1 در زیر قفس ایزوله از بین 105 ریشه گزینش شده تنها تعداد 13 ریشه قادر به تولید بذر کافی با قوه نامیه مناسب گردیدند. بنابراین تعداد 13 بذر خودگشن یا S1 با مقاومت بسیار خوب نسبت به بیماری سفیدک سطحی به دست آمد. بذور خودگشن شده یا S1 (ژرم پلاسم جدید) مجددا برای مقاومت به بیماری سفیدک سطحی آزمون شدند. نتایج نشان داد که در هر نسل گزینش مقاومت نسبت به بیماری افزایش یافت و پاسخ به گزینش مثبت بود، به طوری که کمترین میزان آلودگی (12.9 درصد) در بوته های S1 مشاهده شد. جمعیت S1ها نسبت به جمعیت اولیه 14442 به میزان 72.6 درصد پیشرفت سلکسیون نشان داد. با توجه به مقاومت خوب بوته های S1 می توان از آن ها به عنوان گرده افشان برای تولید رقم مقاوم به بیماری سفیدک سطحی استفاده نمود.

Fostering critical thinking among senior high school students in Colombia has been an unfulfilled goal. This undesirable situation has multiple causes: “critical thinking” has become a mere slogan and its meaning and scope have not been clearly specified despite being widely used in the different levels of the education system. Furthermore, the strategies designed to teach critical thinking lack creativity, reinforce rote learning and the sheer repetition of logic rules besides misallocating the goal of reasoning and argumentation by focusing only on rhetorical persuasion. Textbooks and core literature in critical thinking suggest that a critical thinker is someone who always has plenty of arguments to defend her beliefs besides being ready to address even destructive criticism. By contrast, critical rationalism emphasizes the importance of a humble approach, acknowledges error, and portrays a critical thinker as someone who is ready to test her most beloved theories against experience and to reject them in the light of the facts that contradict her beliefs and certainties. We consider that a pedagogical approach enriched with fallibilism might be central for a better education and endorse these views with the results of a case study conducted in Manizales, Colombia, which shows that teaching the basics of logic and argumentation by using the central tenets of critical rationalism fosters critical thinking among senior high school students

A B S T R A C TThe right to the city in urban DEVELOPMENT goes beyond the physical form and, at the same time, has a mental and social meaning, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. Based on descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze the components of right to the city in Bandar Abbas. Therefore, after collecting 77 subjective and objective measures around the research components, the multi-criteria decision-making technique of COPRAS has been exploited to integrate the data in the ArcMap Tools. The findings show that in the current state of urban DEVELOPMENT in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, the right to ownership, the right to participation and the right to difference for the residents have been weakened and ignored. A share of up to 20.7% of the city space, which is mainly directed to the wealthy neighborhoods and parts of the central areas of the city, as well as parts of new DEVELOPMENTs, the right to the city has been more manifested, and in about 19.8% of the city spaces. Mainly applicable to informal settlements and slums of the city, this right has been undermined and ignoredExtended AbstractIntroductionThe right to the city as a physical, mental and social concept seeks a fundamental change in dealing with urban planning and DEVELOPMENT issues, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. In other words, this theory is a call for the priority of the consumption value of the city against its exchange value, which can only be pursued through the analysis of urban issues in the framework of the "city space" metaphor in the right to the city. It is a fundamental change in the city to create opportunities and space for citizens to meet and achieve their needs. MethodologyFrom a descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze the explanatory components of urban DEVELOPMENT in Bandar Abbas from the perspective of the right to the city. In this research, by collecting 77 subjective and objective measures, the COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making technique has been used to integrate data in the ArcMap environment. Citizens are the source of mental data, official documents and maps are the objective data, and experts are the relative weight of the criteria. It should be mentioned that to guarantee the validity of the content based on the guidance of supervisors and advisors, the collective opinion of university experts and the use of similar studies were exerted. The reliability of the questionnaire was also tested by Cronbach's alpha method, and the value of the alpha coefficient (0.866) indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire. Results and discussionThe findings show that in the current state of urban DEVELOPMENT in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, including the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference for the residents, has been weakened and ignored. A review of the findings shows that the social function of the city's real estate and land, with a coefficient of 0.136, followed by environmental justice, with a coefficient of 0.131, has the greatest impact on the urban DEVELOPMENT of Bandar Abbas. On the other hand, socio-spatial justice in the process of taking over space, with a coefficient of 0.106, shows the lowest level of influence in the DEVELOPMENT of Bandar Abbas compared to other components of the right to the city. The results show that about 20% of the area of Bandar Abbas city is in a very unfavorable situation compared to the components of urban DEVELOPMENT based on the right to the city approach. These areas of the city are spaces where the residents' right to the city has been severely denied, and they are deprived of taking over the city space.In this regard, the results show that 20.7% of the city's space, mainly focused on wealthy neighborhoods, parts of the city's central areas, and parts of Mehr's housing, has the right to a greater manifestation of the city. The city's space is more in line with its residents. As shown in the spatial distribution of the urban DEVELOPMENT components of Bandar Abbas based on the right to the city approach, the possession of space through the right to presence, the accessibility of residents to the opportunities and resources of the city, as well as the fair distribution of facilities and services play a decisive role in urban DEVELOPMENT. However, as the results show, it is the difference that gives meaning to the urban space, and therefore the space must provide the conditions for the city to play a role in meeting the needs of all city groups. The requirement of this role is the central position of the residents in making decisions about the city space, which is a unique way to realize the right to the city. ConclusionAs Brenner states, the right to the city is a call to create "cities for people, not for profit." In this definition, urban DEVELOPMENT is more than a physical thing and has a mental and social dimension at the same time. In terms of the right to the city, the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference form the trinity of urban DEVELOPMENT and the guiding light of these three principles that determine the quality of a different city. Unfortunately, urban DEVELOPMENT in Bandar Abbas has weakened and denied residents' rights. The zoning resulting from the spatial analysis shows that about 19.8% of the city's spaces, which mainly correspond to informal settlements and poor neighborhoods, this right has been weakened and ignored. From the theoretical aspect of the right to the city, this event originates from the space as an economic and physical thing exchanged in the market, not a consumption thing formed by the citizens and in social interaction with the space. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

1مقدمه: توسعه حرفه ای مشاوران به دنبال آموزش و مهارت آموزی، تجربه اندوزی و تخصص، نه فقط در یک زمینه، بلکه برای حال و آینده است. هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف طراحی و بررسی ویژگی­های روانسنجی "مقیاس توسعه حرفه­ای مشاوران" انجام شد. روش: پژوهش حاضر، طرح آمیخته اکتشافی و ساخت ابزار بود. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل تمام مشاوران مراکز مشاوره و روانشناسی شهر تهران در سال 1401 بود. تعداد نمونه به 12 مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته رسید که به روش نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. جهت بررسی ویژگی­های روانسنجی مقیاس توسعه حرفه­ای مشاوران از روایی سازه و ضریب آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شد. یافته ­ها: نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد مقیاس توسعه حرفه­ای مشاوران از اعتبار آلفای کرونباخ و روایی سازه مناسب در نمونه­ای شامل  مشاوران مراکز مشاوره و روانشناسی شهر تهران برخوردار است. نتیجه ­گیری: مقیاس توسعه حرفه­ای مشاوران در چارچوب نظری 6 کد انتخابی براساس نظریه داده بنیاد طراحی و نتایج حاکی از اعتبار و روایی مطلوب ابزار حاضر بودند. پیشنهاد می شود مسئولین آموزش عالی و سازمان نظام روان­شناسی و مشاوره با در نظر گرفتن ابزار طراحی شده، بستر مناسب برای توسعه حرفه­ای مشاوران را فراهم کنند.

A B S T R A C T Tourism as a socio-economic activity plays an essential role in the economic, social, physical, and cultural dimensions of rural settlements in developing countries, which can have significant impacts on rural physical identity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tourism on the identity changes of rural settlements in Oraman area of Sarvabad Township in Kurdistan province. Therefore, the present study questions 1. What is the relationship between tourism DEVELOPMENT and rural identity changes in the study area? What are the most critical factors influencing the physical DEVELOPMENT of rural settlements? He answers. The present study is a descriptive-analytical based on data collection using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of 7 villages located in the Dezli-Hajij communication axis in Oraman District based on population and housing census data of 1395 with 1572 households and 306 households were selected using Cochran formula. One-sample t-test and factor analysis were used for data analysis. The findings of the study showed that tourism DEVELOPMENT in the sample villages in terms of continuity over time such as housing construction quality (3/67), sanitation (3/39) and land-use changes (3/78) and unity and plurality such as Design and style of housing architecture (3/01) and public transit architecture (3/23) and then differentiation and homogeneity such as proportionality with rural life (3/58) and rurality or location (3/43) have a positive impact on the physical dimensions of rural settlements in the region. The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that tourism DEVELOPMENT plays a vital role in the DEVELOPMENT of rural physical identity in the region. So that the proportion of rural life with a specific amount of 13/6 and 27% of the total variance had the most influence among the factors Extended Abstract Introduction  As an important socio-economic activity in local and regional DEVELOPMENT, tourism has a high potential for political, social, and economic changes in communities. Scholars widely regard it as the engine of DEVELOPMENT. Today, rural areas in developing countries face various economic, social, and environmental challenges. Planners need to pay more attention to complementary sectors of agricultural activities such as the DEVELOPMENT of handicrafts, food industries, and tourism because agriculture is now retreating from its hegemonic position in some rural areas. Therefore, tourism as one of the essential approaches to rural DEVELOPMENT has multiple effects on the socio-economic dimensions of rural areas. Tourism can play a vital role in shaping spaces, reconfiguring and rebuilding processes, creating new socio-economic opportunities in less-developed rural areas,  and leads to changes in the physical dimensions and physical identity of the villages.   Methodology This study aims to investigate the role of tourism DEVELOPMENT in the physical identity of  rural settlements located in the Dezley-Hajij road axis in Oraman County (Sarvabad Township- Kurdistan province) in western Iran. This applied study methodology of research was based on analytical– descriptive methods using questionnaires. After the survey of theoretical bases, the questionnaire was set using a Likert spectrum and distributed randomly among the sample. The statistical population of this study consisted of 1572 households residing in the villages of Daraki (Dezli County), Veisiyan and Kamaleh (Oraman County), Belbar, Jivar, Celin, and Novin (Shalyar County), with a sample of 306 was selected by Cochran formula. A questionnaire was further validated by an academic panel of experts in the field of research. Cronbach's alpha determined its reliability, which was up to 0.890 for measured indexes. The data were analyzed by One sample T-test and Factor   analysis tests in the SPSS software package.    Results and discussion To investigate the role of tourism activities in the physical identity change of rural settlements, the research indices in terms of three components of time continuity (quality of constructions, health, and environmental cleanliness and land-use transformations), unity/multiplicity (Landscape of free passages and the type of architectural style), and differentiation/similarity (proportional to rural life and Compliance with the physical environment) were classified. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that assuming numerical utility (3 mean spectra), the components of continuity in time, variance, multiplicity, and differentiation and similarity with numerical mean values (3.62), (3.35), and (3.27), respectively. The effect of tourism DEVELOPMENT is affected, and the difference is positive and means between upper and lower boundaries. There is a significant difference at the 95% level between the components. Evaluation of the importance of tourism in the physical DEVELOPMENT of rural settlements from the viewpoint of the respondents using factor analysis statistical test showed that the relevant data according to the KMO coefficient (0.812) is appropriate, and the Bartlett's test is 99% significant. Therefore, 50 variables extracted from the questionnaire were classified into six main factors, namely rural planning and architecture, beautification and environmental hygiene, privacy and road improvement, rural livelihoods, cultural regeneration, and physical security.   Conclusion Findings based on the utility analysis of indicators indicate the positive impact of tourism DEVELOPMENT on the DEVELOPMENT of physical identity changes in rural settlements in the study area. Thus, the DEVELOPMENT of tourism in the villages under study has been able to positively influence the three dimensions of identity, such as continuity in time, unity and plurality, and differentiation and similarity. Therefore, it can be concluded that tourism DEVELOPMENT due to its social and economic impacts on the villages has also led to changes in rural physical identity. Moreover, hygiene and cleanliness of the rural environment were observed with a numerical mean (3.81) and (3.67), respectively, both of which are indices in the continuity component over time. The results of the data analysis using factor analysis showed that the studied variables had 6% of the total variance in 5% of total variance. Based on the results of this analysis, it can be concluded that tourism DEVELOPMENT in two factors in terms of continuity in time has the most impact on the physical identity of rural settlements at 41%. Thus, planning and architecture of rural housing with 27% of the total variance and beautification and sanitation of the physical environment with 14% of the total variance have a significant impact on the physical changes and, consequently, the physical identity of the rural settlements. Based on the research findings, the following suggestions can be considered: Strengthening local institutions, such as the Islamic Council and the local managers, in order to promote the use of local patterns in the construction of new instruments to conform to the physical structure and function of the villages in the region; Management of land use changes on the edge of the village in order to prevent unnecessary physical changes in the way of preservation and environmental beauty; Prevent the accumulation of pesticides in public passages due to tourism in the area; Improving public beauties and beautifying them using the social and cultural elements of the region.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest The Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments The authors appreciate to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

In this study, the life history characteristics of Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault), an established egg parasitoid species in southwestern Iran, parasitizing Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) were examined at 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 °C. The results showed that different constant temperatures significantly affected the number of parasitized eggs, DEVELOPMENT time, sex ratio, tibial length, number of parasitoids per host egg, progeny longevity, and fecundity. T. euproctidis failed to complete DEVELOPMENT at 18 °C, the lowest temperature tested. The mean DEVELOPMENTal duration from egg to adult female decreased from 15.33 days at 21 °C to 7.25 days at 33 °C. An average of 188-degree days was required to complete DEVELOPMENT above the lower threshold temperature (7.2 °C). Survivorship was 96.20, 97.20, 98.33, 85.46, and 82.22 % at 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 °C, respectively. The mean longevity of T. euproctidis ranged from 11.60 days at 21 °C to 4.57 days at 33 °C. Mean total progeny ranged from 19.50 / female at 33 °C to 168.70 / female at 21 °C. Data analysis demonstrated that different constant temperatures had a significant effect on the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and generation time (T). The intrinsic rate of increase (r) improved with temperature from 0.240/day at 21°C to 0.370/day at 27 °C and then decreased at higher temperatures. Generation time decreased from 16.90 days to 7.53 days with increasing temperature. The optimal temperature for DEVELOPMENT and reproduction of T. euproctidis was 27 °C. The results of this study showed that this strain of T. euproctidis appears to have the potential to be utilized in integrated management programs targeting H. armigera.